Aquatic ape hypothesis - Wikipedia. The aquatic ape hypothesis (AAH), also referred to as aquatic ape theory (AAT) and more recently the waterside model, is the idea that the ancestors of modern humans were more like aquatic mammals in the past. The hypothesis in its present form was proposed by the marine biologist. Alister Hardy in 1. This proposal was noticed by Elaine Morgan, a scriptwriter, who objected to the male image of the . While her 1. 97. 2 book The Descent of Woman was very popular with the public, it attracted no attention from scientists, who saw no way of testing assertions about soft body parts and human habits in the distant past. Morgan removed the feminist polemic in several later books, and her ideas were discussed at a 1. Her 1. 99. 0 book Scars of Evolution received some favorable reviews, but the thesis was subject to scathing criticism from the anthropologist John Langdon in 1. Scientists supportive of AAH have published research that indicates that at some point in the last five million years humans became dependent on essential fatty acids and iodine, which are found in abundance in sea resources. Efficient function of the human brain requires these nutrients. As he did not believe human beings were apes, he believed this might have been during the Cretaceous, contrary to what is possible given the geologic and evolutionary biology evidence available at the time. Out of an apparent abundance of caution, Hardy delayed reporting the hypothesis for some thirty years. Several national newspapers reported sensational presentations of Hardy's ideas, which he countered by explaining them more fully in an article in New Scientist on 1. March 1. 96. 0: . Some interest was received, notably from the geographer Carl Sauer whose views on the role of the seashore in human evolution. Another screenwriter, Elaine Morgan, responded to this focus in her 1. Descent of Woman, which parodied the conventional picture of . She took her lead from a section in Morris's 1. Aquatic Ape period in evolution, his name for the speculation by the biologist Alister Hardy in 1. When it aroused no interest in the academic community, she dropped the feminist polemic and wrote a series of books–The Aquatic Ape (1. The Scars of Evolution (1.
The Descent of the Child (1. The Aquatic Ape Hypothesis (1. The Hardy/Morgan hypothesis. I suppose that they were forced into the water just as we have seen happen in so many other groups of terrestrial animals. I am imagining this happening in the warmer parts of the world, in the tropical seas where Man could stand being in the water for relatively long periods, that is, several hours at a stretch. He pointed to human's lack of body hair as being analogous to the same lack seen in certain other marine mammals, such as the whale and the hippopotamus. The aquatic ape hypothesis (AAH), also referred to as aquatic ape theory (AAT) and more recently the waterside model, is the idea that the ancestors of modern humans.Other academics have argued that the rejection of Hardy and Morgan is partially unfair given that other explanations which suffer from similar problems are not so strongly opposed. A conference devoted to the subject was held at Valkenburg, Netherlands in 1. After what feels like ages, The Doctor is back! And this time, he’s brought along a new best friend in the form of Bill Potts. We’ll have a full recap of “The. Its 2. 2 participants included academic proponents and opponents of the theory and several neutral observers headed by the anthropologist Vernon Reynolds of Oxford University. His summary at the end was: Overall, it will be clear that I do not think it would be correct to designate our early hominid ancestors as 'aquatic'. But at the same time there does seem to be evidence that not only did they take to water from time to time but that the water (and by this I mean inland lakes and rivers) was a habitat that provided enough extra food to count as an agency for selection. It is not accepted as empirically supported by the scholarly community. Langdon argued that however popular the idea was with the public, the . Langdon also objected to Morgan's blanket opposition to the . He observed that some anthropologists had regarded the idea as not worth the trouble of a rebuttal. In addition, the evidence cited by AAH proponents mostly concerned developments in soft tissue anatomy and physiology, whilst paleoanthropologists rarely speculated on evolutionary development of anatomy beyond the musculoskeletal system and brain size as revealed in fossils. After a brief description of the issues under 2. His main conclusion was that the AAH was unlikely ever to be disproved on the basis of comparative anatomy, and that the one body of data that could potentially disprove it was the fossil record. Anthropologist John D. Hawks wrote that it is fair to categorize the AAH as pseudoscience because of the social factors that inform it, particularly the personality- led nature of the hypothesis and the unscientific approach of its adherents. He nevertheless criticized the AAH because . Foley and Lahr suggest that . I haven’t yet had a reply worth mentioning, aside from those who admit, with a twinkle in their eyes, that they have also wondered the same thing. Along the same lines, historian Erika Lorraine Milam noted that independent of Morgan's work, certain standard explanations of human development in paleoanthropology have been roundly criticized for lacking evidence while being based on sexist assumptions. Tobias praised Morgan's book Scars of Evolution as a . As he later said to his ex- pupil Desmond Morris, . And of course we're not related to dolphins. Part of this was related to the growing women's liberation movement as Morgan's work was inspired by a feminist critique of then- standard anthropological ideas. She assumed that the total lack of response to her book from the academic community was due to the fact that she was an outsider. But in respect of the aquatic theme that is what I got from them - and with few exceptions still get. That kind of silence is a virtually unbeatable strategy. Morgan removed the polemics and rewrote the scientific part publishing it as The Aquatic Ape ten years later, but it did not gain more acceptance from scientists. Some of the academics and professional scientists who have supported the AAH include Michael Crawford, Professor and Director of the Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition at Imperial College London, his former postdoctoral researcher, Stephen Cunnane, now professor of medicine at Universit. Stewart, Section Head of Palaeobiology at the Canadian Museum of Nature. Wading and bipedalism. Niemitz's hypothesis places the wading bipedalism of hominids as occurring in the late Miocene. Although it is harder to walk upright with bent knees on land, this difference disappears in 3. Searching for oysters, mussels, crabs, crayfish and so on they would have spent much of their time in the water and an upright position would have come naturally. Reviewing their book for the New Scientist, biologists Caroline Pond and Dick Colby were highly critical, saying that the work provided . The only way it could have happened was with the resources of the marine food- web which initiated the growth and development of the brain in the first place. A group of evolutionary nutritionists and paleontologists led by Cunnane, Stewart, and Crawford published works arguing a correlation between aquatic diet and human brain evolution in their . Fish bones often decompose so that special tests are required to detect them. The archaeological record of human fishing and coastal settlement is fundamentally flawed due to postglacialsea level rise. She suggests that such abilities are consistent with selective pressure for underwater foraging during human evolution, and discussed other anatomical traits speculated as diving adaptations by Hardy/Morgan. Journal of Human Evolution. Center for Academic Research & Training in Anthropogeny. Hist Philos Life Sci (Historical article). Der Eigenweg des Menschen. Dargestellt auf Grund von vergleichend morphologischen Untersuchungen . Berlin: Verlag der Medizinischen Welt, W. Carl Winter Heidelberg. ISBN 9. 78- 3. 53. Reeve, Eric. Genetical Research (Cambridge University Press), Volume 5. Issue 0. 1 (February 1. Proceedings of the American Philosopical Society. Journal of Archaeological Research. New York: Henry Holt & Co. Retrieved 2. 9 October 2. International Anthropological and Linguistic Review. Retrieved 2. 9 October 2. Langdon (1. 99. 7), p. Wood Jones, Frederic (1. Man's Place among the Mammals. Longmans, Green & co. Retrieved 4 February 2. From Mating to Mentality: Evaluating Evolutionary Psychology. Kuliukas, Algis V.; Morgan, Elaine (2. Retrieved 4 February 2. Our Ancestral Environment and Our Ancestors Themselves: an Overview. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 3. The Face: A Natural History. L.; Junginger, A.; Lesoloyia, M.; Odada, E. Quaternary Science Reviews. Bibcode: 2. 01. 0QSRv.. T. Retrieved Feb 2. The Accidental Species: Misunderstandings of Human Evolution. Retrieved 6 January 2. Evolutionary Anthropology. Darwin's Dangerous Idea. Retrieved 4 February 2. Elaine Morgan and the Aquatic Ape theory. In Oren Harman & Michael R Dietrich. Routes to Innovation in Biology. Univ of Chicago Press. British Medical Journal. Foreword: Evolution, Encephalization, Environment. Dispatches Human Evolution. Retrieved 1. 6 January 2. Bibcode: 2. 01. 0NW... N. Retrieved 4 February 2. Anthropologischer Anzeiger. Das Geheimnis des Aufrechten Gangs ~ Unsere Evolution Verlief Anders. Journal of Comparative Human Biology. New Scientist (Book review). Survival of the fattest: the key to human brain evolution. Braun, David R.; Harris, John W. K.; Levin, Naomi E.; Mc. Coyb, Jack T.; et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Bibcode: 2. 01. 0PNAS. B. American Journal of Human Biology. C.; Plourde, M.; Stewart, K.; Crawford, M. American Journal of Human Biology. Fifty Years after Alister Hardy: Waterside Hypotheses of Human Evolution', Mario Vaneechoutte, Algis Kuliukas, Marc Verhaegen (Eds.). HOMO - Journal of Comparative Human Biology. Cunnane, Stephen; Stewart, Kathlyn, eds. Human Brain Evolution: The Influence of Freshwater and Marine Food Resources. Journal of Human Evolution. Morgan, Elaine (1. London: Souvenir Press. Morgan, Elaine (1.
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